Declines in Caribbean coral reefs pre-date damage resulting from climate change

Friday, March 30, 2012

The decline of Caribbean coral reefs has been linked to the recent effects of human-induced climate change. However, new research led by scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego suggests an even earlier cause. The bad news ? humans are still to blame. The good news ? relatively simple policy changes can hinder further coral reef decline.

Employing a novel excavation technique to reconstruct the timeline of historical change in coral reefs located on the Caribbean side of Panama, a team of scientists led by Scripps alumna Katie Cramer and current Scripps Professor of Oceanography and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) Emeritus Staff Scientist Jeremy Jackson has determined that damage to coral reefs from land clearing and overfishing pre-dates damage caused by anthropogenic climate change by at least decades.

"This study is the first to quantitatively show that the cumulative effects of deforestation and possibly overfishing were degrading Caribbean coral and molluscan communities long before climate change impacts began to really devastate reefs," said lead author Cramer, currently based at the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network at the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Coral reefs have suffered alarmingly since the 1980s due to coral bleaching and coral disease, thought to stem from the warming of the oceans due to anthropogenic, or human-induced, climate change. However, until recently, the impact of prior human activities on Caribbean coral reefs had not been studied with experimental techniques.

Historical records and qualitative surveys provide hints that declines in corals in some parts of the Caribbean occurred as far back as the early 1900s after coastal lands began to be cleared to make way for plantations. However, the current study is the first to quantify the changes that reef corals and mollusks have undergone as a result of long-term stress caused by the deposition of silt, nutrients, and pollution onto coral reefs from land clearing and the depletion of reef fish that prevent algae from overtaking reefs.

"Because researchers did not really begin to study Caribbean reefs in detail until the late 1970s, we don't have a clear understanding of why these reefs have changed so dramatically since this time," said Cramer. "So, we set out to reconstruct an older timeline of change on reefs by looking at the remains of past reefs ? coral skeletons and mollusk shells."

To reconstruct this timeline, the team dug below modern reefs in incremental layers and, using radiocarbon dating of the coral skeletons they found, linked fluctuations in the types and numbers of coral and mollusks over time to historical records of land clearing. Changes in the relative numbers of these various species represent clear indicators of the overall health of the coral reef.

The team also improved upon the standard technique of taking long, narrow core samples of coral fossils that cannot track fluctuations in the numbers of larger species of coral.

"We wanted to look at the whole complement of the coral community," said Cramer.

To catalog the relative numbers of dozens of coral and molluscan species, the researchers dug two-foot-wide by three-foot-deep pits into reefs at several coastal lagoon and offshore sites near Bocas del Toro, Panama, that were heavily affected and less affected by land runoff, respectively. At each of these sites they also conducted surveys and recorded the composition of living corals.

"We dug up over a ton of coral rubble and tens of thousands of shells," said Cramer, who led the fieldwork at STRI and likened the laborious experience to doing underwater construction.

Systematically sifting through the coral and shell fossils, the scientists noted several indicators of environmental stress, including a decrease in the overall size of bivalves such as oysters, clams, and scallops, a transition from branching to non-branching species of coral, and large declines in the staghorn coral and the tree oyster, which were once the dominant coral and bivalve on these reefs.

These indicators were observed in layers of the excavated pits at coastal lagoon sites that were dated before 1960 and as far back as the 1800s, corresponding to a period of extensive deforestation in the Bocas del Toro region. Similar evidence of environmental stress at offshore sites was dated after 1960, indicating that the negative impacts of land clearing have more recently begun to affect reefs further offshore.

With the decline of the branching coral species, the reefs now have fewer nooks and crannies that are used as habitat for reef fish and other organisms. Also, the non-branching species that have taken their place grow at a much slower rate. "Consequently, there is less of a chance that the reefs will be able to keep up with sea level rise from climate change," said Cramer.

"Because the governments of the world have yet to undertake any meaningful efforts to mitigate climate change, it is of the utmost importance that locally caused stressors to reefs such as overfishing and deforestation are minimized," said Cramer. "Advocating for more intelligent use of land as well as implementing sustainable fisheries management, those are things that can be done right now."

###

University of California - San Diego: http://www.ucsd.edu

Thanks to University of California - San Diego for this article.

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Radioactive Iodine from Fukushima Found in California Kelp

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LONG BEACH, Calif. – Kelp off Southern California was contaminated with short-lived radioisotopes a month after Japan’s Fukushima accident, a sign that the spilled radiation reached the state’s urban coastline, according to a new scientific study.

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Networked Politics ? Blog Archive ? Rising Mobile phone Telephone ...

Cell phones have come to be indispensable and now play a major part in everyone?s lives. With the current technology which has created individuals and nations closer, cell and handheld gadgets can truly be regarded as good inventions and innovations. Gone would be the days when one must go dwelling initially ahead of he can use the phone or visit a community phone booth to location an all-important get in touch with into a beloved one or business speak to. With the existence of cellphones, everyone has now gone wi-fi. Communication has, certainly, turned extremely uncomplicated for all.

Mobile phone phone, as it title suggests, provides mobility. It can be transportable communication device. One can carry it anywhere. It is actually produced potential by satellites that transmit indicators for your phone to ship and get. It is actually extremely convenient as one can utilize it anywhere irregardless of time and area.

Folks everywhere have observed the evolution of communication technologies. From a telephone that uses wires to one that no longer calls for any. From your analog towards the wireless. In some locations, wi-fi telephones were provided with signals by the network business. In other locations, a simulated card in inserted inside the telephone to grab and obtain indicators and ship as well. These phones use the concept of sign transmission and radio wave theories that permits a two-way communication with true time and clearer conversation.

From the analog mobile phones that only permitted calling and voice conversation evolved the cellphones that have text messaging features. It really is a further emergence on the planet of cellular technologies. An individual might send out a text message that may be received by one more party. This message is sent by way of a signal passing to some gateway which transmits it towards the getting get together.

Within the transform of the 20th century, cellphones have turn into additional of a trend and corporations have began to create them appear extra sophisticated. Cell phones started with large dimensions which transformed to smaller kinds and then became bigger once again. It has developed significantly like how computers have. These days, mobile phones usually are not just for communication. Initially, it had the voice phone operate but because the technologies is growing day by day, the cell technologies grows together with it. Cellphones now have been created with unique capabilities and usage that are beyond basic communication usage. These features are consistently updated and extra functions are developed every day.

Cell phones also serve as mp3 gamers and/or audio, online video file storage models exactly where users could conserve audio information and hear to the audio. Mobile phones now also are equipped with cameras that are available in unique pixels allowing folks to take images anyplace and whenever. Practically all cell phones of these times are created with games, calculator, organizer, alarm clock, dictionary and a lot of much more. They are just now deemed the fundamentals. Some up to date mobile phones may possibly now take online video clips and nevertheless pictures of which can be transferred for the laptop or computer for distinctive purposes. Quite a few cell phones may also be designed with contact screen functions exactly where a person does not must touch the keypad any longer. The display in the telephone is developed to realize commands because the finger tip touches the screen.

Moreover, cellphones are actually applied as computers. With the General Packet Radio Provider (GPRS), browsing the internet has become created possible. GPRS is employed to transmit IP packets which enable users to work with the world wide web where ever they go. People today also use their mobile phones in banking transactions exactly where they are able to ship and obtain income by way of telephone.

Quite a few high technologies functions are constantly becoming researched and used to cell phones. Not long back when 3G technique was developed. It allows end users of the very same networks get in touch with each other with actual time digital camera. By means of this program, one can basically see the person he?s calling while speaking to him. Extended just before people today lastly get familiar with all the just launched 3G method, many companies are now studying within the higher system which is the fourth era or 4G program. Researchers project the brand new system as faster having a connection velocity reaching 100 Mb per second. This is observed to supply a superior top quality of get in touch with.

Cellphones will not be only for personal use like it absolutely was in the past. With cell phones, reporters and journalists may possibly now consider and movie reports reports. Safety technique and surveillance will also be feasible.

It is actually seen within the close to future that mobile phones are probably to replace laptops. Using the new mobile phones coming out with the marketplace, viewing and operating on documents only identified in computers at the moment are achievable. It is also seen to change enjoyment gadgets with each of the entertainment functions new cellphones have.

Cellphones usually do not only perform a huge component in technology. Mobile phones also display style and fashion. Thus, to make these phones more appealing and desirable, producers produce these phones in distinctive colours, size, shape, and style.

Cell phones are indeed one of the biggest contributions of technologies. It has gone much beyond what man can imagine. Now, with the emergence of cellular technology, everyone just cannot reside with out one.

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All About Mesothelioma Cancer | Best And Most Information About ...

Mesothelioma is a fatal disease that can severely affect the health conditions of a person. This is a severe type of cancer. A person has to check out the status of malignant Mesothelioma for the correct treatment of this disease. One has to consider this cancer according to the place of the infection.

Some cases pertaining to this particular disease are highly complex, when one relates the disease to the age of the particular person. The cancer may or may not be severe depending upon the intensity of Mesothelioma in that person. In simple words, this disease depends on the extent of contraction in the body of the person.

Cancer cells vary highly. Thus, the detection of the cancer cells including malignant Mesothelioma is difficult. In most cases, one may not detect Mesothelioma cancer in the early stages resulting in its highly improbable treatment.

The behavior of these cancer cells is quite different in different cases. In Mesothelioma cancer, the person?s lung and abdomen has a higher liability for the initial attack. The cancer cells multiplication may result in significant changes in the chest cavity. Thus, it may prove to be the most dangerous for the respiratory system.

In simple words, Mesothelioma is a form of lung cancer caused due to exposure to Asbestos. The name ?Mesothelioma? is significant of Mesothelial cells, which are am important aspect of the body system. These cells are extremely important for the immune system of the body. Thus, Mesothelioma cancer generally affects the immunity in the body. Mesothelioma shows late symptoms.

Therefore, most of Mesothelioma cases go undetected. One can understand the seriousness of this particular disease only when he/she comes to know about the life expectancy of the person suffering from this particular disease. The life expectancy of Mesothelioma cancer patients is quite alarming for a normal person.

The probability of this disease is high in people ageing more than 40. Malignant Mesothelioma condition reduces the life period of a normal person. Patients suffering from Malignant Mesothelioma live an average period of only less than two years. There are even researches that prove that the number of people suffering from Mesothelioma cancer is going to rise rapidly in the near future. This cancer only affects the Mesothelial tissue in the delicate lining of lungs and other respiratory organs. This type of Mesothelioma is the malignant Mesothelioma.

Another form of Mesothelioma cancer affects the pleura, which is the portion between the lungs and chest. This type of cancer is pleural mesothelioma. However, the reason for this cancer is not always compulsorily, asbestos. Scientific planning is necessary to achieve compensation that is legal financial help in terms of cancer analysis.

If the disease has occurred from asbestos exposure, then asbestos may spread from the person, who initially inhaled asbestos to the healthy person he/she may come in contact. The last type of Mesothelioma cancer is the pericardial Mesothelioma, which affects the heart lining.

On Website, you will find all the required information and details regarding mesothelioma cancer and its various types.


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Importance Of Effective Local SEO To Online Businesses | Numero ...

[unable to retrieve full-text content]Being featured in these internet sites will not only make your online business to have a favorable ranking by search motors but will also enjoy a good exposure to likely customers especially if you have built a good popularity for your business. ... Overuse of keywords is not only offensive to search engines but also to readers. Excessive Outbound Links Never stuff your web webpages with links. They not only disturb the readers but are also not good for SE rankings.

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Harry Potter and the "strange" case of Oscars snub

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Eating Disorders in Children are on the Rise; Eating Recovery ...

Leading Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders Treatment Program Offers 10 Tips to Help Parents Prevent Eating Disorders

Denver, CO, March 29, 2012 ? Between 1999 and 2006, hospitalizations for eating disorders in children 12 and younger rose 119 percent, according to a 2010 study by the American Academy of Pediatrics. In an effort to curb the growth of anorexia, bulimia, EDNOS and binge eating disorder in this young patient population, Eating Recovery Center (www.EatingRecoveryCenter.com), an international center for eating disorders recovery, urges parents to take preventive measures at home to stop eating disorders before they start.

?While clinicians have yet to identify the absolute keys to preventing eating disorders, we do know that positive parental involvement and heightened awareness can help foster the development of healthy relationships among children, their bodies and food,? explains Ovidio Bermudez, MD, FAAP, FSAHM, FAED, CEDS, medical director of child and adolescent services at Eating Recovery Center.

Eating Recovery Center offers 10 recommendations to help parents practice eating disorders prevention at home:

1. Understand your own feelings and attitudes toward body image, body size, weight and health.

2. Model healthy attitudes and behaviors toward eating, exercise, body weight and shape and self-acceptance. Children will often mirror their parents? thoughts and actions surrounding these issues.

3. Educate yourself about the complex nature of eating disorders. An informed parent is more aware and more likely to notice early warning signs or concerning behaviors.

4. Help your child manage stress. Reduce complexity in your child?s life to prevent or relieve anxiety and fear, which may lead to disordered eating in children who are particularly vulnerable to stress.

5. Focus on eating at ease during mealtimes. Promoting the social value of mealtimes strengthens family ties and relationships. Stressful, tense eating situations are counterproductive in efforts to develop healthy patterns around food consumption.

6. Maintain open lines of communication. Interaction is the antidote for the isolation and secretiveness that can sometimes allow a child to transition negative beliefs and attitudes into disordered eating behaviors.

7. Examine your child?s dieting and exercise habits. From a neurochemical perspective, these are not always benign activities. With the help of a medical professional, explore whether weight loss or increased exercise are healthy choices that support normal growth and development.

8. Monitor the beliefs and attitudes of your child?s friends. Children are eager to fit in and will often mimic their friends? attitudes and behaviors?even those that are negative and potentially destructive.

9. Watch your child?s technology use. Websites and social media create a sense of ?community? in which your child can learn about and compete at disordered eating behaviors. Studies have shown that both pro-eating disorder and pro-recovery online messages have risks to impressionable young minds.

10. Be aware of anxiety and depression, and seek care if your child shows signs of these conditions. The negative self image that is often associated with these conditions can lead to efforts to manage emotional insecurities via dieting and exercise.

?Even if parents are not able to prevent eating disorder-related behaviors in their children, prevention activities ? such as being well informed about eating disorders and recognizing changes in attitude or behaviors that may suggest your child is at risk ? are invaluable for enhancing early recognition and timely intervention,? continues Dr. Bermudez.

If your child begins showing symptoms of disordered eating, immediately seek eating disorders support from a qualified professional. Early intervention significantly improves the likelihood of recovery. For more information about Eating Recovery Center?s eating disorders treatment programs for children and adolescents ages 10 through 17, please visit www.EatingRecoveryCenter.com.

About Eating Recovery Center:
Eating Recovery Center is an international center for eating disorders recovery providing comprehensive treatment for anorexia, bulimia, EDNOS and binge eating disorder. Denver-based facilities include the Behavioral Hospital for Adults, the Behavioral Hospital for Children and Adolescents, and the Partial Hospitalization Program and Outpatient Services. In addition, Eating Recovery Center, in partnership with Summit Eating Disorders and Outreach Program, offers Partial Hospitalization and Outpatient Services in Sacramento, California. Under the personal guidance and care of Drs. Kenneth Weiner, Craig Johnson, Emmett Bishop and Ovidio Bermudez, our collaborative programs provide a full spectrum of services for children, adolescents and adults. Our integrated programs offer patients a continuum of care that includes Inpatient, Residential, Partial Hospitalization, Intensive Outpatient and Outpatient services. Our compassionate team of professionals collaborates with treating professionals and loved ones to cultivate lasting behavioral change. For more information please contact us at 877-218-1344 or info@EatingRecoveryCenter.com or confidentially chat live on our website at www.EatingRecoveryCenter.com.

Contact:
Shannon Fern
Communications Strategy Group
East 2nd Avenue
Denver, CO 80206
(303) 433-7020
sfern@csg-pr.com

http://www.csg-pr.com

News from ReleaseWire.

Source: http://www.releasewire.org/03/2012/lifestyle/health-fitness/eating-disorders-in-children-are-on-the-rise-eating-recovery-center-urges-prevention-at-home/

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Home Improvement | Saltbox Shed Plans :: By Vicky L ...

?Do It Yourself 8x12 Shed Plans
If you are having a hard time finding a shed that will suit your needs, you may want to consider using 8x12 shed plans. Building it yourself is the best way to insure that the shed turns out the way you want it. Choices There are many 8x12 shed plans to choose from. You can look through them and find the exact one that meets your needs. You can also make some basic additions, like insulation. You might not want to insulate if it?s just a storage shed, but if you are planning on using it for...

?Garden Shed Plans DIY
Using garden shed plans, DIY; could be a good idea for a lot of different people. This is true because there are a lot of benefits of building the building instead of buying a pre-built one. One of the benefits is choice. When you are looking through plans you can pick one that is the right size and shape for what you will need. You also get to pick the quality of materials as well so you are better able to tell how long your shed will last. You also get to pick out how many windows, doors,...

?DIY 12x16 Shed Plans
Using 12x16 shed plans to build it yourself would be a good idea for three reasons; saving money, quality of materials, and easily done. Saving Money You can save hundred of dollars by building the shed yourself. In today?s economy, this is a huge factor. Many people can put a shed to good use, but few can afford to go and buy a pre-built one. Using 12x16 shed plans is a wonderful option for those on a tight budget. Quality of Materials Since you will be buying the materials separately when...

?Do It Yourself With Dog House Plans
Building a house for your pet doesn?t have to be hard with dog house plans. There are a couple reasons that I would recommend doing this. Save Money You could end up saving quite a bit of money by building it yourself. Since you pick out all the materials yourself, you can shop around for the best deal. You can even by it on the off season and store it until you can actually work outside again. It doesn?t matter since this is all up to you. This means that you are going to have to be somewhat...

?How to Read Text Messages Online
Most people know how to read text messages online if they are sent to their email. People can send messages from their phone to your email. Then all you have to do is open your inbox and read it. You can even reply to the message and have it go back to their phone for them to read. What if you want to read all of someone else?s text messages even if they aren?t sent to you? Unfortunately, phone carriers do not print out details like that on your phone bill, or even on your account online. It...

Source: http://www.bharatbhasha.net/home_improvement.php/361999

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The Most Expensive Real Estate In The World

We've often marveled at the opulence of life in tiny Monaco. But now we have further proof that life in the country with the most millionaires per capital comes at a price.

Monaco has the distinction of having the most expensive residential real estate in the world, running an average of $58,300 per square meter at the end of 2011, according to a new wealth report from Knight Frank and Citi Private Bank.

Even so, prices there fell by around 10 percent from the previous year, due largely to the ongoing crisis in the eurozone, the report said.

Prices in Southern France's Cap Ferrat, which has the second most expensive residential real estate in the world at $51,800 per square meter, fell five percent from 2010, the report said.

The only two cities where real estate prices increased last year were London and Zurich, which, unsurprisingly, both fall outside the eurozone.

Manhattan?s real estate prices, which grew by 3.1 percent in 2011, slowed noticeably in the second half of the year after weaker activity on Wall Street. It had the seventeenth most expensive real estate in the world, at an average of $23,300 per square meter.

These are the 25 locations with the most expensive real estate:

Source: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-expensive-real-estate-in-the-world-2012-3

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